ParaCommando Brigade | |
---|---|
Active | 1976 – present |
Country | Bangladesh |
Allegiance | Bangladesh Army |
Branch | Infantry |
Type | Special Operations Force |
Role | Special Operations, Unconventional Warfare, Direct Action, Special Reconnaissance, Counter Terrorism, Foreign Internal Defence, Asymmetric Warfare |
Size | 2 Battalions |
Part of | Bangladesh Army |
Garrison/HQ | Sylhet Cantonment |
Nickname(s) | The Cheetahs |
Motto(s) | Do or Die |
Colors | Maroon |
Mascot(s) | Cheetah |
Engagements |
|
Commanders | |
Current commander | Brigadier General Muhsin Alam NDC,PSC[2] |
The Para-Commando Brigade is an independent special operations brigade of the Bangladesh Army. The brigade was officially formed on 4 September 2016 on adhoc basis consisting two para-commando battalions.[3]
- 1History
- 3Operations
History[edit]
Crack Platoon[edit]
Crack Platoon was a specialized commando unit of Muktibahini during the liberation war of Bangladesh. The commando officer Major A.T.M Haider (a former SSG commando in Pakistan Army) formed this unit under the command of sector no-2. Sector commander Khaled Mosarrof personally took care of this unit.In June 1971, commander Khaled made a plan to send commandos in Dhaka city. Because a delegation came from World Bank to visit the East-Pakistan(Now Bangladesh). For that,The Pakistan government was trying to show them, everything was normal in Dhaka. But The commander of sector-2, Khaled Mosarrof was trying to show the whole world that situation was not normal in Dhaka. For that, he along with Commando Major Haider made a plan to launch a commando assault in Dhaka City. They decided to send the specialized platoon-'Y' (which was renamed as Crack-Platoon) in Dhaka City. The Commandos successfully launched some operations in Dhaka city and showed the whole world that nothing was normal there.[4]
The platoon's operations included:[5]
1. Operation Hotel Intercontinental[6]
2. Operation Five power stations
3. Operation Farmgate
4. Operation Dhanmondi
5. Operation Green road
Special Warfare Wing[edit]
Bangladesh Army Para-Commando troop at Victory Day Parade 2015.
In 1976, Special Warfare Wing was established at Chittagong Cantonment. Later,it was shifted to the Sylhet cantonment. From then this wing started working under the Bangladesh Army School of Infantry and Tactics(SI&T). This was the first step towards the formation of a special force in Independent Bangladesh. In 1980, the army commando course and the counter-insurgency course was started in special warfare wing. In the same year, the special warfare wing was expanded to special warfare school. The Army Airborne School was established in 1988 at Sylhet Cantonment under Special Warfare Wing. In 1988, the first para training course was started at the special warfare school.
1st Para-Commando Battalion[edit]
On 30 June 1992, the 1st Para-Commando Battalion started its journey at Jalalabad cantonment of Sylhet.[7] The flag of the battalion was raised in May 1993. On 1 June 2015, 1st Para-Commando Battalion came out as a full-fledged regiment. After the formation of ad-hoc para-Commando Brigade on 4 September 2016, they started working under the command of the Brigade.
The battalion was awarded the national standard on 2 November 2017 as a recognition of their outstanding works.[8]
Structure[edit]
Under this brigade's command, there are two Para-Commando battalions. They are:
- 1st Para-Commando Battalion, headquartered in Sylhet.[9]
- 2nd Para-Commando Battalion, headquartered in Sreemangal Upazila, Maulavibazar
As typical commando battalions, these battalions are quite understrength compared to a regular Bangladesh Army infantry battalion, in terms of both manpower and firepower. Each Para-Commando battalion is Consisted of a HQ company and 3 Operations Companies. Each company has separate troops of various specialities i.e Air Assault, Reconnaissance, Jungle Warfare etc. Battalions also includes of medical,signals and other support personnel, all of whom are airborne and commando qualified.
Operations[edit]
United Nations peacekeeping[edit]
Bangladesh Army Para-Commando troops patrolling at a UN mission
Bangladesh is participating in different UN peacekeeping missions since 1988. Currently, Bangladesh is one of the largest contributors of the UN peacekeeping operations. Bangladesh Army has deployed its Special Forces in various UN Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement missions, notably in Ivory Coast, South Sudan, Darfur, Central African Republic, Haiti and Mali. These Special Forces detachments are often tasked with high risk rescue operations and raids against insurgents. [10][11][12]
Dhaka Holey Artisan Bakery Hostage Crisis[edit]
On 1 July 2016, five assailants stormed the Holey Artisan Bakery with crude bombs, machetes, ak 22 rifle and pistols, in Dhaka's affluent neighbourhood, Gulshan 2, which is extremely popular among expatriates and foreigners, at roughly 9:20 pm, taking hostage of the locals and foreigners inside.[13] Not realising the gravity of the situation, the initial assault to secure the premises, commenced by Dhaka Metropolitan Police, resulted in the casualties of two police officers in exchanging gunfire with the assailants.
[14] However, Police and the Rapid Action Battalion acted with celerity in setting up a perimeter around the Bakery to block escape of any assailant.[15] After fruitless hours of seeking to bring a peaceful solution to the problem, when the perpetrators refused to communicate with authorities, the realisation set that alternative measures were required.[15]
At an early morning meeting on Saturday (2 July), the highest level of Government decided to engage the 1st Commando Battalion. They were flown in from Sylhet to carry out a counterassault and free the hostages.[15][16] After gathering intelligence from RAB and the Police forces present on the ground, Commandos initiated their raid (codenamed 'Operation Thunderbolt'), which began at 7:40 am and concluded at 8:30 am.[13][16] They were successfully able to free 13 hostages and kill the assailants.[16]
During the attack, 9 Italians, 7 Japanese, 2 Bangladeshis, 1 Indian, and 1 American were killed by the perpetrators.[13][15]
Operation Twilight in Sylhet[edit]
On Thursday, 23 March 2017, the Bangladesh Police surrounded a suspected militant hideout in Dakshin Surma Upazila, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Later, a SWAT team joined the police unit from Dhaka.[17] The housing complex has two apartment buildings. The Police unit was reinforced with personal from Rapid Action Battalion on Friday.[18] On Saturday, the 1st Para Commando Battalion took charge of operations and named it Operation Twilight.[18]
There were once some rumblings about Oculus support for Garry’s Mod 1.0 before the studio. Or whatever one does to a rumbling in order to cease it. It’s early days. Garry s mod rp. We’re looking at having more VR stuff in it – that’s the big point of it. And it won’t be called Garry’s Mod 2.”.
Operation Twilight was launched by the 1st Para-Commando Battalion of the adhoc para-commando brigade of the Bangladesh Army under the command of GOC of 17th Infantry Division in Jalalabad Cantonment Major General Anwarul Momen.[19] The main gate of the building was blocked by the militants with a refrigerator with an IED attached to it.[20] The building had 30 apartments and 150 rooms, the militants were constantly changing their location.[21] The operation was launched on Saturday morning around 8am. The Commando unit was being assisted by SWAT and Bangladesh Police.[22] Security forces established a three kilometre perimeter around the militant hideout. The commandos rescued 78 civilians trapped in the building from Thursday.[23] Two militants were killed in the initial attack, one of who detonated a suicide vest. The militants had planted IEDs all over the building which slowed down the military operation.[24] Army spokesman, Brigadier General Fakhrul Ahsan, reported that the operation would take more time because of the presence of IEDs in 'strategic points' in the building. The Bangladesh Army used RPGs and shells to drive the militants out without much success.[25] The commandos also used Armoured Personnel Carriers in the operation.[26] Finally four militants were found dead at the hideout.[27][28]
Operation Chiitagong Airport[edit]
In 24 February 2019,A Bangladeshi Boeing 737-800 aircraft was hijacked by a gunman on the air. The aircraft was landed to the Chittagong Airport as an emergency landing while it was going to Dubai from Dhaka. A gunman named Palash tried to hijack the aircraft. Though his intention was not clear the authority was trying to negotiate with him. But when everything was failed and then Government ordered the ParaCommando Brigade to Launch an operation. Paracommando brigade members came to the place and launched an operation. The commandos took only eight(8) minutes to make a conclusion. As a result, the hijacker was shoot dead by the commandos, 148 passengers and crew got free from the hostage situation.[29]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^''Operation Twilight' at Sylhet militant den ends'. The Daily Star. 28 March 2017.
- ^http://www.ispr.gov.bd/মহামান্য-রাষ্ট্রপতি-কর্-2/
- ^'Recounting 'Operation Thunderbolt''. The Daily Star. 3 July 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
- ^'BRAVE HEARTS'. The Daily Star. 27 March 2015.
- ^'They gave their today, for our tomorrow'. The Daily Star. 29 August 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^'Operation Hotel Intercontinental: 'HIT & RUN''. The Daily Star. 6 December 2014.
- ^'Stay alert to deal with unexpected situation'. The Daily Star. 3 November 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^'জাতীয় পতাকা পাচ্ছেন প্যারা কমান্ডোরা'. Dailybdnews.com. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
- ^'Brig Gen Zahur given Responsibility of CEO (Current Charge), DSE'(PDF). Dhaka Stock Exchange. Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 May 2012.
- ^'Bangladesh's peacekeeping role lauded'. The Daily Star. 16 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^'UN official praises Bangladesh's role'. The Daily Star. 26 June 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^Saha, Amity. 'Bangladesh's role in int’l peacekeeping | The Asian Age Online, Bangladesh'. The Asian Age. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ abc'Bangladesh siege: Twenty killed at Holey Artisan Bakery in Dhaka'. BBC News. 2 July 2016. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016.
- ^The Associated Press (2 July 2016). 'Commandos storm Dhaka restaurant, several hostages rescued'. CTV News.
- ^ abcdManik, Julfikar Ali; Anand, Geeta; Barry, Ellen (2 July 2016). 'Bangladesh Attack Is New Evidence That ISIS Has Shifted Its Focus Beyond the Mideast'. The New York Times.
- ^ abcMarszal, Andrew; Graham, Chris (2 July 2016). '20 hostages killed in 'Isil' attack on Dhaka restaurant popular with foreigners'. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016.
- ^Manik, Julfikar Ali; Anand, Geeta (26 March 2017). 'Bangladeshi Assault Kills 2 Militants but Fails to End Standoff'. The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ^ ab'It seems the army has settled for a long haul in Sylhet to neutralise the militants'. bdnews24.com. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ^'Blasts during Sylhet hideout operation kill 6'. Prothom Alo. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ^'3 killed, 31 hurt in blasts outside Sylhet 'militant den''. The Daily Star. 25 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^'Blasts kill 5 amid raid'. The Daily Star. 26 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^'Jt forces' anti-militant 'operation' launched'. Prothom Alo. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
- ^'Gunfire, blasts heard as Sylhet militant hideout siege enters third day'. bdnews24.com. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^'Two killed, more 'well-trained' militants inside, says army in Sylhet'. bdnews24.com. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^'2 militants killed, Sylhet raid to linger: Army'. The Daily Star. 26 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^'Bangladesh commandos storm militants hideout in Sylhet, rescue 78 civilians'. hindustantimes.com/. 25 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^'4 militants dead at Sylhet den: Army'. The Daily Star. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^'Live: Four militants killed as Sylhet raid nears end'. Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^'A swift operation of 8 minutes'. The Daily Star. 24 February 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Para-Commando_Brigade_(Bangladesh)&oldid=905111091'
(Redirected from Special Operations Force)
Polish GROM special forces troops at Umm Qasr during the 2003 invasion of Iraq
The Bangladesh Special Force-ParaCommando troops in a successful live Counter-Terrorism operation at Dhaka, Bangladesh
Special forces and special operations forces (SOF) are military units trained to conduct special operations.[1][2][3]NATO has defined special operations as 'military activities conducted by specially designated, organized, trained, and equipped forces, manned with selected personnel, using unconventional tactics, techniques, and modes of employment'.[1][4]
Special forces emerged in the early 20th century, with a significant growth in the field during the Second World War, when 'every major army involved in the fighting' created formations devoted to special operations behind enemy lines.[5] Depending on the country, special forces may perform functions including airborne operations, counter-insurgency, counter-terrorism, foreign internal defense, covert ops, direct action, hostage rescue, high-value targets/manhunting, intelligence operations, mobility operations, and unconventional warfare.
In Russian-speaking countries special forces of any country are typically called spetsnaz, an acronym for 'special purpose'. In the United States the term special forces often refers specifically to the US Army's Special Forces, while the term special operations forces (SOF) is used more broadly for these types of unit.
- 2History
- 2.4World War II
- 2.4.1Britain
- 2.4.3United States
- 2.4.4Axis powers
- 2.4World War II
Capabilities
Special forces capabilities include the following:
- Special reconnaissance and surveillance in hostile environments
- Foreign internal defense:Training and development of other states' military and security forces
- Offensive action
- Support to counter-insurgency through population engagement and support
- Counter-terrorism operations
- Sabotage and demolition
- Hostage rescue
Other capabilities can include bodyguarding; waterborne operations involving combat diving/combat swimming, maritime boarding and amphibious missions; as well as support of air force operations.
History
Early period
Japanese drawing of the archetypical ninja, from a series of sketches (Hokusai manga) by Hokusai.
Special forces have played an important role throughout the history of warfare, whenever the aim was to achieve disruption by 'hit and run' and sabotage, rather than more traditional conventional combat. Other significant roles lay in reconnaissance, providing essential intelligence from near or among the enemy and increasingly in combating irregular forces, their infrastructure and activities.
Chinese strategist Jiang Ziya, in his Six Secret Teachings, described recruiting talented and motivated men into specialized elite units with functions such as commanding heights and making rapid long-distance advances.[6]Hamilcar Barca in Sicily (249 BC) had specialized troops trained to launch several offensives per day.[citation needed] In the late Roman or early Byzantine period, Roman fleets used small, fast, camouflaged ships crewed by selected men for scouting and commando missions. Muslim forces also had naval special operations units, including one that used camouflaged ships to gather intelligence and launch raids and another of soldiers who could pass for Crusaders who would use ruses to board enemy ships and then capture and destroy them.[7] In Japan, ninjas were used for reconnaissance, espionage and as assassins, bodyguards or fortress guards, or otherwise fought alongside conventional soldiers.[8] During the Napoleonic wars, rifle and sapper units were formed that held specialised roles in reconnaissance and skirmishing and were not committed to the formal battle lines.
First specialized units
The British Indian Army deployed two special forces during their border wars: the Corps of Guides formed in 1846 and the Gurkha Scouts (a force that was formed in the 1890s and was first used as a detached unit during the 1897–1898 Tirah Campaign).[9]
British Army scouts in South Africa (1893): Frederick Russell Burnham (middle); Hon. Maurice Gifford (right)
During the Second Boer War (1899–1902) the British Army felt the need for more specialised units became most apparent. Scouting units such as the Lovat Scouts, a Scottish Highland regiment made up of exceptional woodsmen outfitted in ghillie suits and well practised in the arts of marksmanship, field craft, and military tactics filled this role. This unit was formed in 1900 by Lord Lovat and early on reported to an American, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, the Chief of Scouts under Lord Roberts. After the war, Lovat's Scouts went on to formally become the British Army's first sniper unit.[10] Additionally, the Bushveldt Carbineers, formed in 1901, can be seen as an early unconventional warfare unit.
World War I
The German Stormtroopers and the Italian Arditi were the first modern shock troops. They were both elite assault units trained to a much higher level than that of average troops and tasked to carry out daring attacks and bold raids against enemy defenses. Unlike Stormtroopers, Arditi were not units within infantry divisions, but were considered a separate combat arm.[11]
Members of the Italian Arditi corps, 1918, wielding daggers.
World War II
Britain
The British Commandos were the prototype for the modern special forces. Volunteers had to undergo an arduous training course.
Commandos
Modern special forces emerged during the Second World War. In 1940, the British Commandos were formed following Winston Churchill's call for 'specially trained troops of the hunter class, who can develop a reign of terror down the enemy coast.'[12] A staff officer, Lieutenant ColonelDudley Clarke, had already submitted such a proposal to General Sir John Dill, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff. Dill, aware of Churchill's intentions, approved Clarke's proposal[13] and on 23 June 1940, the first Commando raid took place.[13]
By the autumn of 1940 more than 2,000 men had volunteered and in November 1940 these new units were organised into a Special Service Brigade consisting of four battalions under the command of Brigadier J. C. Haydon.[14] The Special Service Brigade was quickly expanded to 12 units which became known as Commandos.[13] Each Commando had a lieutenant colonel as the commanding officer and numbered around 450 men (divided into 75 man troops that were further divided into 15 man sections).
In December 1940 a Middle East Commando depot was formed with the responsibility of training and supplying reinforcements for the Commando units in that theatre.[15] In February 1942 the Commando training depot at Achnacarry in the Scottish Highlands was established by Brigadier Charles Haydon. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Vaughan, the Commando depot was responsible for training complete units and individual replacements.[15] The training regime was for the time innovative and physically demanding, and far in advance of normal British Army training.[15] The depot staff were all hand picked, with the ability to outperform any of the volunteers.
British Commandos wearing the green beret and carrying the Bergen rucksack during the Normandy landings
Training and assessment started immediately on arrival, with the volunteers having to complete an 8-mile (13 km) march with all their equipment from the Spean Bridge railway station to the commando depot.[15] Exercises were conducted using live ammunition and explosives to make training as realistic as possible. Physical fitness was a prerequisite, with cross country runs and boxing matches to improve fitness. Speed and endurance marches were conducted up and down the nearby mountain ranges and over assault courses that included a zip-line over Loch Arkaig, all while carrying arms and full equipment. Training continued by day and night with river crossings, mountain climbing, weapons training, unarmed combat, map reading, and small boat operations on the syllabus.
Reaching a wartime strength of over 30 individual units and four assault brigades, the Commandos served in all theatres of war from the Arctic Circle to Europe and from the Mediterranean and Middle East to South-East Asia. Their operations ranged from small groups of men landing from the sea or by parachute to a brigade of assault troops spearheading the Allied invasions of Europe and Asia. The first modern special forces units were established by men who had served with the Commandos, including the Parachute Regiment, Special Air Service, and Special Boat Service. The Commandos were also widely imitated elsewhere: the French Naval commandos, Dutch Korps Commandotroepen, Belgian Paracommando Brigade, United States Army Rangers and United States Marine Raiders were all influenced to some degree by the British Commandos.[16][17][18]
Lieutenant David Stirling
The first modern special forces unit was the SAS, formed in July 1941 from an unorthodox idea and plan by LieutenantDavid Stirling.[19] In June 1940 he volunteered for the No. 8 (Guards) Commando (later named 'Layforce'). After Layforce was disbanded, Stirling remained convinced that due to the mechanised nature of war a small team of highly trained soldiers with the advantage of surprise could exact greater damage to the enemy's ability to fight than an entire platoon. His idea was for small teams of parachute trained soldiers to operate behind enemy lines to gain intelligence, destroy enemy aircraft and attack their supply and reinforcement routes. Following a meeting with the C-in-C Middle East, GeneralClaude Auchinleck, his plan was endorsed by the Army High Command.
British SAS in North Africa (1943), in jeeps with mounted heavy machine guns
The force initially consisted of five officers and 60 other ranks.[20] Following extensive training at Kabrit camp, by the River Nile, L Detachment, SAS Brigade undertook its first operations in the Western Desert. Stirling's vision was eventually vindicated after a series of successful operations. In 1942, the SAS attacked Bouerat. Transported by the LRDG, they caused severe damage to the harbour, petrol tanks and storage facilities.[21] This was followed up in March by a raid on Benghazi harbour with limited success but they did damage to 15 aircraft at Al-Berka.[21] The June 1942 Crete airfield raids at Heraklion, Kasteli, Tympaki and Maleme significant damage was caused, and raids at Fuka and Mersa Matruh airfields destroyed 30 aircraft.[22]
Chindits
In the Burma Campaign, the Chindits, whose long range penetration groups were trained to operate from bases deep behind Japanese lines, contained commandos (King's Regiment (Liverpool), 142 Commando Company) and Gurkhas. Their jungle expertise, which would play an important part in many British special forces operations post war, was learned at a great cost in lives in the jungles of Burma fighting the Japanese.
the Company of Chosen Immortals
Immediately after the German occupation of Greece in April–May 1941, the Greek government fled to Egypt and started to form military units in exile. Air Force Lt. Colonel G. Alexandris suggested the creation of an Army unit along the lines of the British SAS. In August 1942 the Company of Chosen Immortals (Greek: Λόχος Επιλέκτων Αθανάτων) was formed under Cavalry Major Antonios Stefanakis in Palestine, with 200 men. In 1942, the unit was renamed Sacred Band. In close cooperation with the commander of the British SAS Regiment, Lt. Colonel David Stirling, the company moved to the SAS base at Qabrit in Egypt to begin its training in its new role. Operating under British direction, the special forces unit fought alongside the SAS in the Western Desert and the Aegean.
Australia
Following advice from the British, Australia began raising special forces.[23] The first units to be formed were independent companies, which began training at Wilson's Promontory in Victoria in early 1941 under the tutelage of British instructors. With an establishment of 17 officers and 256 men, the independent companies were trained as 'stay behind' forces, a role that they were later employed in against the Japanese in the South West Pacific Area during 1942–43, most notably fighting a guerilla campaign in Timor, as well as actions in New Guinea.[24] In all, a total of eight independent companies were raised before they were re-organised in mid-1943 into commando squadrons and placed under the command of the divisional cavalry regiments that were re-designated as cavalry commando regiments. As a part of this structure, a total of 11 commando squadrons were raised.
They continued to act independently, and were often assigned at brigade level during the later stages of the war, taking part in the fighting in New Guinea, Bougainville and Borneo, where they were employed largely in long-range reconnaissance and flank protection roles.[25] In addition to these units, the Australians also raised the Z Special Unit and M Special Unit. M Special Unit was largely employed in an intelligence-gathering role, while Z Special Force undertook direct action missions. One of its most notable actions came as part of Operation Jaywick, in which several Japanese ships were sunk in Singapore Harbour in 1943. A second raid on Singapore in 1944, known as Operation Rimau, was unsuccessful.[26]
United States
United States Army Rangers at D-Day, Pointe du Hoc.
Office of Strategic Services
The United States formed the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during World War II under the Medal of Honor recipient William J. Donovan. Secret world legends ui mods. This organization was the predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and was responsible for both intelligence and special forces missions. The CIA's elite Special Activities Division is the direct descendant of the OSS.[27]
It finds and re-mediates 2 million infections every day on PC and android phone.It can also help to manually remove any unwanted elements and spyware. In contrast, it is a cloud-based endpoint management platform. Similarly, Malwarebytes Endpoint Protection employs multiple techniques to identify and defend against attacks at all stages of the attack. Download malwarebytes + serial. Hence, this software provides businesses with full attack chain protection against known and unknown malware.
Marine Raiders
On February 16, 1942, the U.S. Marine Corps activated a battalion of Marines with the specific purpose of securing beach heads, and other special operations. The battalion became the first special operations force of the U.S. The battalion became known as Marine Raiders due to Admiral Chester Nimitz's request for 'raiders' in the Pacific front of the war.
United States Army Rangers
In mid-1942, Major-General Lucian Truscott of the U.S. Army, a liaison officer with the British General Staff submitted a proposal to General George Marshall that an American unit be set up 'along the lines of the British Commandos', resulting in the formation of the United States Army Rangers.
1st Special Service Force
The United States and Canada formed the 1st Special Service Force as a sabotage ski brigade for operations in Norway. Later known as the 'Devil's Brigade' (and called 'The Black Devils' by mystified German soldeiers), the First Special Service Force was dispatched to the occupied Aleutian Islands, Italy and France.
Merrill's Marauders
Merrill's Marauders were modelled on the Chindits and took part in similar operations in Burma. In late November 1943, the Alamo Scouts (Sixth Army Special Reconnaissance Unit) were formed to conduct reconnaissance and raider work in the Southwest Pacific Theater under the personal command of then Lt. General Walter Krueger, Commanding General, Sixth U.S. Army. Krueger envisioned that the Alamo Scouts, consisting of small teams of highly trained volunteers, would operate deep behind enemy lines to provide intelligence-gathering and tactical reconnaissance in advance of Sixth U.S. Army landing operations.
Special Forces Tab
In 1983 the US Army created the Special Forces Tab. It was later decided that personnel with at least 120 days' wartime service prior to 1955 in certain units, including the Devil's Brigade, the Alamo Scouts and the OSS Operational Groups, would receive the Tab for their services in World War II, placing them all in the lineage of today's U.S. and Canadian (via Devil's Brigade) Special Forces.
Axis powers
The Axis powers did not adopt the use of special forces on the same scale as the British.
Germany
The German army's Brandenburger Regiment was founded as a special forces unit used by the Abwehr for infiltration and long distance reconnaissance in Fall Weiss of 1939 and the Fall Gelb and Barbarossa campaigns of 1940 and 1941.
Otto Skorzeny (left) and the former BrandenburgerAdrian von Fölkersam (middle), 1944.
Later during the war the 502nd SS Jäger Battalion, commanded by Otto Skorzeny, sowed disorder behind the Allied lines by mis-directing convoys away from the front lines. A handful of his men were captured by the Americans and spread a rumor that Skorzeny was leading a raid on Paris to kill or capture General Dwight Eisenhower. Although this was untrue, Eisenhower was confined to his headquarters for several days and Skorzeny was labelled 'the most dangerous man in Europe'.
Italy
In Italy, the Decima Flottiglia MAS was responsible for the sinking and damage of considerable British tonnage in the Mediterranean. Also there were other Italian special forces like A.D.R.A. (Arditi Distruttori Regia Aeronautica). This regiment was used in raids on Allied airbases and railways in North Africa in 1943. In one mission they destroyed 25 B-17s.
Special Operations Brigade Star Wars Games
Japan
The Imperial Japanese Army first deployed army paratroops in combat during the Battle of Palembang, on Sumatra in the Netherlands East Indies, on 14 February 1942. The operation was well-planned, with 425 men of the 1st Parachute Raiding Regiment seizing Palembang airfield, while the paratroopers of the 2nd Parachute Raiding Regiment seized the town and its important oil refinery. Paratroops were subsequently deployed in the Burma campaign. The 1st Glider Tank Troop was formed in 1943, with four Type 95 Ha-Go light tanks. The paratroop brigades were organized into the Teishin Shudan as the first division-level raiding unit, at the main Japanese airborne base, Karasehara Airfield, Kyūshū, Japan.
However, as with similar airborne units created by the Allies and other Axis powers, the Japanese paratroops suffered from a disproportionately high casualty rate, and the loss of men who required such extensive and expensive training limited their operations to only the most critical ones. Two regiments of Teishin Shudan were formed into the 1st Raiding Group, commanded by Major General Rikichi Tsukada under the control of the Southern Expeditionary Army Group, during the Philippines campaign. Although structured as a division, its capabilities were much lower, as its six regiments had manpower equivalent to a standard infantry battalion, and it lacked any form of artillery, and had to rely on other units for logistical support. Its men were no longer parachute-trained, but relied on aircraft for transport.
Some 750 men, mainly from the 2nd Raiding Brigade, of this group were assigned to attack American air bases on Luzon and Leyte on the night of 6 December 1944. They were flown in Ki-57 transports, but most of the aircraft were shot down. Some 300 commandos managed to land in the Burauen area on Leyte. The force destroyed some planes and inflicted numerous casualties, before they were annihilated.
Finland
During World War II, the Finnish Army and Border Guard organized sissi forces into a long-range reconnaissance patrol (kaukopartio) units. These were open only to volunteers and operated far behind enemy lines in small teams. They conducted both intelligence-gathering missions and raids on e.g. enemy supply depots or other strategic targets. They were generally highly effective. For example, during the Battle of Ilomantsi, Soviet supply lines were harassed to the point that the Soviet artillery was unable to exploit its massive numerical advantage over Finnish artillery. Their operations were also classified as secret because of the political sensitivity of such operations. Only authorized military historians could publish on their operations; individual soldiers were required to take the secrets to the grave. A famous LRRP commander was Lauri Törni, who later joined the U.S. Army to train U.S. personnel in special operations.
Bangladesh Liberation War
The Mukti Bahini was the guerrilla resistance movement formed by the Bangladeshi military, paramilitary and civilians during the War of Liberation that transformed East Pakistan into Bangladesh in 1971.[28][29]
On 7 March 1971 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman issued a call to the people of East Pakistan to prepare themselves for an all-out struggle.[30] Later that evening resistance demonstrations began,[30] and the military began a full-scale retaliation with Operation Searchlight, which continued through May 1971.[30]
A formal military leadership of the resistance was created in April 1971 under the Provisional Government of Bangladesh. The military council was headed by General M. A. G. Osmani[31] and eleven sector commanders.[32] The Bangladesh Armed Forces were established on 4 April 1971. In addition to regular units, such as the East Bengal Regiment and the East Pakistan Rifles, the Mukti Bahini also consisted of the civilian Gonobahini (People's Force).[33] The most prominent divisions of the Mukti Bahini were the Z Force led by Major Ziaur Rahman, the K Force led by Major Khaled Mosharraf and the S Force led by Major K M Shafiullah. Awami League student leaders formed militia units, including the Mujib Bahini, the Kader Bahini and Hemayet Bahini.[32] The Communist Party of Bangladesh, led by Comrade Moni Singh, and activists from the National Awami Party also operated several guerrilla battalions.[34]
Using guerrilla warfare tactics, the Mukti Bahini secured control over large parts of the Bengali countryside. It conducted successful 'ambush and sabotage' campaigns,[35] and included the nascent Bangladesh Air Force and the Bangladesh Navy. The Mukti Bahini received training and weapons from the regular troops.[36] where people in the eastern and northeastern states share a common Bengali ethnic and linguistic heritage with East Pakistan.[37]
During the War, the Mukti Bahini became part of the Bangladesh Allied Forces.[38] It was instrumental in securing the Surrender of Pakistan and the liberation of Dacca and other cities in December 1971.[38][39]
Crack Platoon:
In June 1971, World Bank sent a mission to observe the situation in East Pakistan. The media cell of Pakistan government was circulating a news that situation in East Pakistan was stable and normal. Khaled Mosharraf, a sector commander of Mukti Bahini, planned to deploy a special commando team. The task assigned to the team was to carry out commando operations and to terrorise Dhaka. The major objective of this team was to prove that the situation was not normal actually. Moreover, Pakistan. at that time, was expecting economic aid from World Bank, which was assumed to be spent to buy arms. The plan was to make World Bank Mission understand the true situation of East Pakistan and stop sanctioning the aid.[40] Khaled along with A.T.M Haider, another sector commander formed the Crack Platoon. Initially, number of commandos in the platoon was 17. Those commandos were receiving training in Melaghar Camp at that time.[41] From Melaghar, commandos of Crack Platoon headed for Dhaka on 4 June 1971 and launched guerrilla operation on 5 June.[40] Later, number of commandos was increased, the platoon was split and deployed in different areas surrounding Dhaka city.[42]The basic objectives of Crack Platoon were to demonstrate the strength of Mukti Bahini, terrorising Pakistan Army and their collaborators. Another major objective was proving to the international community that the situation in East Pakistan was not normal. That commando team also aimed at inspiring the people of Dhaka who were frequently being victims of killing and torture. These objectives were successfully fulfilled by Crack Platoon. The world Bank mission, in its report, clearly described the hazardous situation that was prevailing in East Pakistan. In the report world bank mission prescribed to end the military regime in East Pakistan.[43] Crack Platoon carried out several successful and important operations. The power supply in Dhaka was devastated[44][45] which caused severe problem for Pakistan Army and the military administration in Dhaka. The Chinese restaurants in Dhaka had become almost prohibited for Pakistani army officers.[46]
Modern special forces
Post-World War II
ODA 525 team picture taken shortly before infiltration in Iraq, February 1991
Admiral William H. McRaven, formerly the ninth commanding officer of the U.S. Special Operations Command (2011–2014), described two approaches to special forces operations in the 2012 posture statement to the U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services: 'the direct approach is characterized by technologically enabled small-unit precision lethality, focused intelligence, and inter-agency cooperation integrated on a digitally-networked battlefield', whereas the 'indirect approach includes empowering host nation forces, providing appropriate assistance to humanitarian agencies, and engaging key populations.'[47] Elements of national power must be deployed in concert without over-reliance on a single capability, such as special forces, that leaves the entire force unprepared and hollow across the spectrum of military operations.[48]
Throughout the latter half of the 20th century and into the 21st century, special forces have come to higher prominence, as governments have found objectives can sometimes be better achieved by a small team of anonymous specialists than a larger and much more politically controversial conventional deployment. In both Kosovo and Afghanistan, special forces were used to co-ordinate activities between local guerrilla fighters and air power.
Irish Army Ranger Wing operators during patrol in Chad, 2008.
Typically, guerrilla fighters would engage enemy soldiers and tanks causing them to move, where they could be seen and attacked from the air.
Special forces have been used in both wartime and peacetime military operations such as the Laotian Civil War, Bangladesh Liberation War-1971, Vietnam War, Portuguese Colonial War, South African Border War, Falklands War, The Troubles in Northern Ireland, the Jaffna University Helidrop, the first and second Gulf Wars, Afghanistan, Croatia, Kosovo, Bosnia, the first and second Chechen Wars, the Iranian Embassy siege (London), the Air France Flight 8969 (Marseille), Operation Defensive Shield, Operation Khukri, the Moscow theater hostage crisis, Operation Orchard, the Japanese Embassy hostage crisis (Lima), in Sri Lanka against the LTTE, and the raid on Osama Bin Laden's compound in Pakistan.
The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan involved special forces from several coalition nations, who played a major role in removing the Taliban from power in 2001–2002. Special forces have continued to play a role in combating the Taliban in subsequent operations.
As gender restrictions are being removed in parts of the world, females are applying for special forces units selections and in 2014 the Norwegian Special Operation Forces established an all female unit Jegertroppen (English: Jeger Troop).
See also
Notes
- ^ abNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (13 December 2013). 'Allied Joint Doctrine for Special Operations'. NATO Standard Allied Joint Publication. Brussels: NATO Standardization Agency. AJP-3.5 (Edition A, Version 1): 1-1.
- ^Richard Bowyer, Dictionary of Military Terms, Bloomsbury Reference (2005-08), ISBN190497015X / ISBN9781904970156.
- ^Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) (16 July 2014). 'Special Operations'(PDF). Joint Publication. Washington, DC: Department of Defense. 3–05: GL-11. Archived from the original(PDF) on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
- ^North Atlantic Treaty Organization (17 November 2015). 'NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (English and French)'(PDF). AAP-06 (Edition 2015). Brussels: NATO Standardization Agency: 2-S-8. Retrieved 18 September 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^Thomas 1983, p. 690.
- ^Sawyer, Ralph D. (1993). The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China. Boulder: Westview Press, Inc. pp. 39, 98–9. ISBN0-8133-1228-0.
- ^Christides, Vassilios. 'Military Intelligence in Arabo-Byzantine Naval Warfare'(PDF). Institute for Byzantine Studies, Athens. pp. 276–80. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^Turnbull, Stephen (2003). Ninja AD 1460–1650. Osprey Publishing. pp. 44–7, 50. ISBN978-1-84176-525-9.
- ^'The Corps of Guides – the original Indian Army special forces.' ..'The Scouts were not subordinate to any brigade or division but were army troops – deployed at the discretion of the field force commander.' (Bellamy 2011, p. 115)
- ^John Plaster (2006). The Ultimate Sniper: An Advanced Training Manual For Military and Police Snipers. Paladin Press. p. 5. ISBN0-87364-704-1.
- ^Paolo Morisi (2018). Hell in the Trenches: Austro-Hungarian Stormtroopers and Italian Arditi in the Great War. Helion and Company. p. 240. ISBN978-1912174980.
- ^Haskew, p. 47
- ^ abcHaskew, Michael E (2007). Encyclopaedia of Elite Forces in the Second World War. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. pp. 47–8. ISBN978-1-84415-577-4.
- ^Joslen, H. F. (1990). Orders of Battle, Second World War, 1939–1945. London: Naval & Military Press. p. 454. ISBN1-84342-474-6.
- ^ abcdMoreman, Timothy Robert (2006). British Commandos 1940–46. London: Osprey Publishing. pp. 37–49. ISBN1-84176-986-X.
- ^'Les fusiliers marins et les commandos'. Ministère de la Défense. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^'The history of the Commando Foundation'. Korps Commandotroepen. Archived from the original on 31 October 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^'Centre d'Entraînement de Commandos'. Ministère de la Défense,la Composante Terre. Retrieved 17 April 2010.
- ^
- ^Thompson, Leroy (1994). SAS: Great Britain's elite Special Air Service. Zenith Imprint. p. 48. ISBN0-87938-940-0.
- ^ abShortt, James; McBride, Angus (1981). The Special Air Service. Osprey Publishing. p. 9. ISBN0-85045-396-8.
- ^Molinari, Andrea (2007). Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43. Osprey Publishing. p. 75. ISBN978-1-84603-006-2.
- ^Horner 1989, p. 21.
- ^Horner 1989, pp. 22–6.
- ^Horner 1989, p. 26.
- ^Horner 1989, pp. 26–7.
- ^The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency, Michael Warner, CIA History Staff, Center for the Study of Intelligence, United States Central Intelligence Agency (2000)
- ^Alagappa, Muthiah, ed. (2001). Coercion and governance : the declining political role of the military in Asia. Stanford Univ. Press. p. 212. ISBN0-8047-4227-8.
- ^Ahmed, Helal Uddin (2012). 'Mukti Bahini'. In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
- ^ abcAbu Md. Delwar Hossain (2012), 'Operation Searchlight', in Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal (ed.), Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.), Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
- ^Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency, Gates and Roy, Routledge, 2016
- ^ abThe Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy, Salil Tripathi, Yale University Press, 2016, pg 146.
- ^South Asian Crisis: India — Pakistan — Bangla Desh, Robert Jackson, Springer, 1972, pgs. 33, 133
- ^Communist and Marxist parties of the world, Charles Hobday, Longman, 1986, pg. 228
- ^Jamal, Ahmed Abdullah (October–December 2008). 'Mukti Bahini and the Liberation War of Bangladesh: A Review of Conflicting Views'(PDF). Asian Affairs. Centre for Development Research, Bangladesh. 30 (4). Archived from the original(PDF) on 3 January 2015.
- ^Cite error: The named reference
Time Photo Gallery
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^Fraser, Bashabi (1 January 2008). Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter. Anthem Press. p. 7. ISBN9781843312994.
- ^ abStanton, Andrea L. (5 January 2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. SAGE. p. 170. ISBN9781412981767.
- ^'The battle for Bangladesh'. The Daily Star. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
- ^ abMosharraf, Khaled (2013). মুক্তিযুদ্ধে ২ নম্বর সেক্টর এবং কে ফোর্স (in Bengali). Prathamā prakāśana. pp. 55–56. ISBN978-984-90253-2-0.
- ^Islam, Zahirul (2013). মুক্তিযুদ্ধে মেজর হায়দার ও তার বিয়োগান্ত বিদায় (in Bengali). Prathamā prakāśana. p. 77. ISBN978-984-90253-1-3.
- ^Islam, Zahirul (2013). মুক্তিযুদ্ধে মেজর হায়দার ও তার বিয়োগান্ত বিদায় (in Bengali). Prathamā prakāśana. p. 78. ISBN978-984-90253-1-3.
- ^Gavshon, Arthur L. (14 July 1971). 'Experts Cite Remedial Measures for East Pakistan'. The Day. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
- ^'3 Power Plants Bombed By East Pakistan Rebels'. Morning Record. 22 July 1971.
- ^'Pakistan Rebels Bomb Plant'. The Daily News. 22 October 1971.
- ^'Dacca Cafes Bombed'. The Spokesman-Review. 25 July 1971.
- ^'POSTURE STATEMENT OF ADMIRAL WILLIAM H. McRAVEN, USN COMMANDER, UNITED STATES SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND BEFORE THE 112th CONGRESS SENATE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE MARCH 6, 2012'(PDF). United States Special Operations Command. Archived from the original(PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
- ^'Special Operations for the 21st Century: Starting Over'(PDF). Association of the United States Army. Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
References
- Bellamy, Chris (2011). The Gurkhas: Special Force. UK: Hachette. p. 115. ISBN9781848545151.
- Breuer, William B. (2001). Daring missions of World War II. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN978-0-471-40419-4.
- Haskew, Michael E (2007). Encyclopaedia of Elite Forces in the Second World War. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN978-1-84415-577-4.
- Horner, David (1989). SAS: Phantoms of the Jungle: A History of the Australian Special Air Service (1st ed.). St Leonards: Allen & Unwin. ISBN1-86373-007-9.
- Molinari, Andrea (2007). Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43. Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1-84603-006-2.
- Otway, Lieutenant-Colonel T.B.H. (1990). The Second World War 1939–1945 Army – Airborne Forces. Imperial War Museum. ISBN0-901627-57-7.
- Thomas, David (October 1983). 'The Importance of Commando Operations in Modern Warfare 1939-82'. Journal of Contemporary History. 18 (4): 689–717. JSTOR260308.
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Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special_forces&oldid=904866948'
Special forces were any fighting units trained specifically to undertake particularly difficult missions that could not be expected of regular troops, and their missions were generally of a more confidential nature.
Notable special forcesEdit
Alliance to Restore the RepublicEdit
Confederacy of Independent SystemsEdit
Galactic AllianceEdit
- Galactic Alliance Core Fleet Commando(during Second Imperial Civil War)
- Galactic Alliance Special Forces
- 967 Commando(under Galactic Alliance Guard during Second Galactic Civil War)
- Galactic Alliance Marines
- Venom assault squad(during Second Imperial Civil War)
Galactic EmpireEdit
- Imperial Army(parent unit)
- Imperial Navy(parent unit)
- Special Navy Force(under Imperial Intelligence)
- Black Eight Squadron(under Starfighter Corps)
- Scimitar assault wing(under Starfighter Corps)
- Stormtrooper Corps(parent unit)
- 501st Legion
- Tactical unit(under Imperial Security Bureau)
- Imperial Special Forces
- Imperial Navy Special Forces(under the Imperial Navy)
Galactic RepublicEdit
- Clone shadow trooper(under Republic Intelligence)
- Coruscant Guard
- Republic Special Forces Division(during Great Galactic War and Cold War)
- Special Operations Brigade(during Clone Wars)
- Special Tactics trooper(under Judicial Forces)
Jabiimi MilitaryEdit
Law enforcementEdit
Corellian Security Force:
Coruscant Security Force:
- Special tactical unit(during Cold War era)
MandalorianEdit
New RepublicEdit
OthersEdit
- Antarian Rangers (Under the Jedi Order)
AppearancesEdit
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SourcesEdit
- Star Wars Customizable Card Game – Hoth Limited(Card: Rebel Scout)
- 'Soldiers of Fortune' on Wizards.com(original article link, backup link)
- 'The Force Unleashed Preview 3' on Wizards.com(backup link)
- 'The Force Unleashed Preview 5' on Wizards.com(backup link)
- 'New Republic Stat Pack' on Wizards.com(original article link, backup link not available)